. Novel:. (1997).

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Film:. (1984)Created byVoiced byIn-universe informationNicknameHalSpeciesGenderN/A ( vocals)Relatives. Unnamed ground-based 'twin'. SAL 9000HAL 9000 is a fictional character and the main in 's series. First appearing in the 1968 film, HAL ( Programmed Computer) is a (or ) that controls the systems of the spacecraft and interacts with the ship's crew. While part of HAL's hardware is shown toward the end of the film, he is mostly depicted as a camera lens containing a red or yellow dot, instances of which are located throughout the ship.

HAL 9000 is voiced by in the two feature film adaptations of the Space Odyssey series. HAL speaks in a soft, calm voice and a conversational manner, in contrast to the crewmen, and Frank Poole.In the film, HAL became operational on 12 January 1992 at the HAL Laboratories in as production number 3. The activation year was 1991 in earlier screenplays and changed to 1997 in Clarke's written and released in conjunction with the movie. In addition to maintaining the Discovery One spacecraft systems during the interplanetary mission to (or in the novel), HAL is capable of,. Contents.Appearances 2001: A Space Odyssey (film/novel) HAL became operational in, at the HAL Plant (the ', where the computers were built). The film says this occurred in 1992, while the book gives 1997 as HAL's birth year.In (1968), HAL is initially considered a dependable member of the crew, maintaining ship functions and engaging genially with its human crew-mates on an equal footing. As a recreational activity, plays chess.

In the film, the artificial intelligence is shown to triumph easily. However, as time progresses, HAL begins to malfunction in subtle ways and, as a result, the decision is made to shut down HAL in order to prevent more serious malfunctions.

The sequence of events and manner in which HAL is shut down differs between the novel and film versions of the story. In the aforementioned game of chess HAL makes minor and undetected mistakes in his analysis, a possible foreshadowing to HAL's malfunctioning.In the film, astronauts and Frank Poole consider disconnecting HAL's circuits when he appears to be mistaken in reporting the presence of a fault in the spacecraft's communications antenna.

They attempt to conceal what they are saying, but are unaware that HAL can. Faced with the prospect of disconnection, HAL decides to kill the astronauts in order to protect and continue its programmed directives. HAL uses one of the Discovery 's EVA pods to kill Poole while he is repairing the ship. When Bowman, without a space helmet, uses another pod to attempt to rescue Poole, HAL locks him out of the ship, then disconnects the life support systems of the other hibernating crew members. Bowman circumvents HAL's control, entering the ship by manually opening an emergency airlock with his service pod's clamps, detaching the pod door via its explosive bolts.

Bowman jumps across empty space, reenters Discovery, and quickly re-pressurizes the airlock.While HAL's motivations are ambiguous in the film, the novel explains that the computer is unable to resolve a conflict between his general mission to relay information accurately, and orders specific to the mission requiring that he withhold from Bowman and Poole the true purpose of the mission. (This withholding is considered essential after the findings of a psychological experiment, Project, where humans were made to believe that there had been alien contact. In every person tested, a deep-seated was revealed, which was unknowingly replicated in HAL's constructed personality. Did not want the crew of Discovery to have their thinking compromised by the knowledge that alien contact was already real.) With the crew dead, HAL reasons, he would not need to lie to them.In the novel, the orders to disconnect HAL come from Dave and Frank's superiors on Earth. After Frank is killed while attempting to repair the communications antenna he is pulled away into deep space using the safety tether which is still attached to both the pod and Frank Poole's spacesuit.

Dave begins to revive his hibernating crew mates, but is foiled when HAL vents the ship's atmosphere into the vacuum of space, killing the awakening crew members and almost killing Bowman, who is only narrowly saved when he finds his way to an emergency chamber which has its own oxygen supply and a spare space suit inside.In both versions, Bowman then proceeds to shut down the machine. In the film, HAL's central core is depicted as a crawlspace full of brightly lit computer modules mounted in arrays from which they can be inserted or removed.

Bowman shuts down HAL by removing modules from service one by one; as he does so, HAL's consciousness degrades. HAL finally reverts to material that was programmed into him early in his memory, including announcing the date he became operational as 12 January 1992 (in the novel, 1997). When HAL's logic is completely gone, he begins singing the song ' and starts slowing down and changing pitch similar to an old electronic game running low on batteries (in actuality, the first song sung by a computer, which Clarke had earlier observed at a demonstration). HAL's final act of any significance is to prematurely play a prerecorded message from Mission Control which reveals the true reasons for the mission to Jupiter.2010: Odyssey Two (novel) and 2010: The Year We Make Contact (film) In the 1982 novel written by Clark, HAL is restarted by his creator, Dr. Chandra, who arrives on the Soviet spaceship.Prior to leaving Earth, Dr. Chandra has also had a discussion with HAL's twin, the SAL 9000.

Like HAL, SAL was created by Dr. Whereas HAL was characterized as being 'male', SAL is characterized as being 'female' (voiced by ) and is represented by a blue camera eye instead of a red one.Dr. Chandra discovers that HAL's crisis was caused by a programming contradiction: he was constructed for 'the accurate processing of information without distortion or concealment', yet his orders, directly from Dr.

Heywood Floyd at the National Council on Astronautics, required him to keep the discovery of the TMA-1 a secret for reasons of. This contradiction created a 'Hofstadter-Moebius loop', reducing HAL to.

Therefore, HAL made the decision to kill the crew, thereby allowing him to obey both his hardwired instructions to report data truthfully and in full, and his orders to keep the monolith a secret. In essence: if the crew were dead, he would no longer have to keep the information secret.The alien intelligence initiates a terraforming scheme, placing the Leonov, and everybody in it, in danger. Its human crew devises an escape plan which unfortunately requires leaving the Discovery and HAL behind to be destroyed. Chandra explains the danger, and HAL willingly sacrifices himself so that the astronauts may escape safely. In the moment of his destruction the monolith-makers transform HAL into a being so that David Bowman's avatar may have a companion.The details in the novel and the 1984 film are nominally the same, with a few exceptions. First, in contradiction to the book (and events described in both book and film versions of 2001: A Space Odyssey), Heywood Floyd is absolved of responsibility for HAL's condition; it is asserted that the decision to program HAL with information concerning TMA-1 came directly from the White House. In the film, HAL functions normally after being reactivated, while in the book it is revealed that his mind was damaged during the shutdown, forcing him to begin communication through screen text.

Also, in the film the Leonov crew initially lies to HAL about the dangers that he faced (suspecting that if he knew he would be destroyed he would not initiate the engine burn necessary to get the Leonov back home), whereas in the novel he is told at the outset. However, in both cases the suspense comes from the question of what HAL will do when he knows that he may be destroyed by his actions.In the novel, the basic reboot sequence initiated by Dr. Chandra is quite long, while the movie uses a shorter sequence voiced from HAL as: 'HELLODOCTORNAMECONTINUEYESTERDAYTOMORROW'.While Curnow tells Floyd that Dr. A loose replica of HAL 9000 on exhibit at the.HAL is listed as the 13th-greatest film villain in the.The 9000th of the in the, discovered on May 3, 1981 by E. Bowell at, is named after HAL 9000.A spoof of HAL, named SAL 3000, appears in the Disney animated series, appearing as the main antagonist of the episode 'Schoolworld.'

This artificial intelligence monitors the students of Third Street School, at first behaving as a friend to them and appeasing their needs. However, similar to HAL, SAL loses control and becomes a tyrant bent on taking over the school and running it as his own. He is finally stopped when the main protagonists infiltrate the core of his system and shut him down. Upon his complete shutdown, SAL sings the song 'School Days,' as a spoof of HAL singing, 'A Bicycle Built for Two' prior to his shutdown.See also. ^ DeMet, George D.

Retrieved 2007-05-10. ^ Alfred, Randy (January 12, 2011). Archived from on June 29, 2011. Retrieved May 30, 2019. ^. Archived from on April 1, 2014.

Retrieved January 8, 2015. 'News from the Library of Congress'. (No.14) 'Daisy Bell (Bicycle Built for Two),' Max Mathews (1961). June 23, 2010. Retrieved January 14, 2011.

December 9, 2008. Retrieved January 14, 2010 – via. ^ Clarke, Arthur C. The Lost Worlds of 2001.

Signet. Powers, Stefanie (2010). Simon and Schuster.

Pp. LoBrutto, Vincent. Stanley Kubrick: A Biography. P. 278. Gelmis, Joseph (1970). P. Garfinkel, Simson.

Wired., Felix L Bednarz, 'Wide angle lens system', issued 25 January 1966, assigned to Bank of America NA. Scot, Darrin (June 1963). American Cinematographer. Retrieved 14 November 2018., Felix L Bednarz, 'Wide angle lens system', issued 7 May 1957, assigned to Felix L Bednarz. Sherlock, Daniel J. (December 2004). Retrieved 14 November 2018.

Miller, Barbara (February 23, 2016). Sloan Science and Film. Museum of the Moving Image.

Retrieved 14 November 2018. Epstein, Sonia Shechet (February 28, 2018). Sloan Science and Film. Museum of the Moving Image.

Retrieved 14 November 2018. Mitchell, Chris (24 June 2010).

A History of the World. The British Museum/BBC. Retrieved 14 November 2018. Mitchell, Chris (20 October 2010). A History of the World. The British Museum/BBC. Retrieved 14 November 2018.

Retrieved 2016-09-04. Christies.com (Press release). Savage, Adam. Retrieved 29 December 2016. Ted Friedman, Electric Dreams: Computers in American Culture, NYU Press - 2005, page 101. Harris, Aisha (January 7, 2013). Letters of Note.

4 January 2013. Retrieved May 30, 2019.

Retrieved 14 October 2018. Initially starting as HAL Devices in 1966. HAL Communications Corp. Outgrew its existing 2,000 square-foot facility in Champaign and purchased a larger building in Urbana. Retrieved May 30, 2019 – via YouTube. Bill, Henry. Southwest Museum of Engineering, Communications and Computation.

Retrieved 14 October 2018. Minsky, Marvin. Interviewed by David G. Archived from on November 14, 2007.

Retrieved May 30, 2019. Quoted in (1993), AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence, New York, NY: BasicBooks, p. American Film Institute.

Retrieved January 8, 2015.gov. Retrieved 2 June 2016. (entry for '9000'). IAU Minor Planet Center. Retrieved March 22, 2017.External links.

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